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Allvar Gullstrand was born in in the Swedish town of Landkroma where his father was the principal municipal medical officer. Between and , Allvar Gullstrand studied medicine, following the career of his father and it seemed appropriate to select the speciality of ophthalmology since this could utilise specifics of mathematics that he had previously acquired.

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After qualifying, he took up a post in the Seraphim Hospital in Stockholm. Being ambitious within the sphere of academic achievement his doctorate thesis, entitled Contribution to the theory of astigmatism, re-examined the prevailing models of astigmatism and was well received when published in His appointment in as a lecturer at the Karolinska Institute would largely be due to his postgraduate studies.

The subsequent award in of a specially created Chair of Professor of Ophthalmology at Uppsala University eventually allowed more time for researches into the structure of the eye where the publication in in German , entitled General Theory of Monochromatic Aberrations and Its Implications for Ophthalmology, 1 introduced him to the wider community of the science of optics.

The style of presentation used by Gullstrand in his mathematical models of visual functions is difficult to follow. In a specific work, 1 for example, a chapter of 28 pages has over equations all of which are unnumbered and without any diagrams. This, however, appears to have been the conventional style for presentation of work of this kind.

In addition, the bulk of his subsequent publications are in either German or Swedish, with only one major work 2 available as an English translation.

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A device for detection of abnormalities of the corneal topography had been developed by Henry Goode, a Cambridge physician in , where the reflection of a square object from the cornea provided an indication of the corneal profile. Such devices are still available for screening applications. It is an observation that many of the early researchers into details of the corneal profile suffered from astigmatism.

While this technique could confirm the presence of degrees of astigmatism and other corneal issues figure 2, pictured , visual inspection alone could not provide confirmation of precise values of corneal topography or accurately record changes over time. Later Gullstrand, in , would use the technique to derive accurate measurements of the optical power of the anterior eye surface.

Such measurements would identify key elements of his standard eye model.